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    Centrifugal pump

    How does a centrifugal pump work?

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Centrifugal pumps have a wide range of applications where the pressure increase is caused by centrifugal forces. In this article you will learn more about how a centrifugal pump works. This article...
    Elevation head (geodetic suction head and discharge head)

    Pressure head and head loss

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Learn more about the difference between elevation head, pressure head, friction head (head loss) and total static head of a piping system in this article. This article provides answers to the following...
    Moody chart for determining the Darcy friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number

    Moody chart (diagram)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Moody diagram is a chart showing the Darcy friction factor of a pipe as a function of the Reynolds number for selected roughnesses of the pipe wall. Learn more about...
    Valve and pipe elbow in a pipeline system

    Pressure loss in pipe systems (Darcy friction factor)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Pressure losses in pipes are caused by internal friction of the fluid (viscosity) and friction between fluid and wall. Pressure losses also occur in components. Learn more about it in this...
    Flettner rotors on a ship

    Magnus effect

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Magnus effect refers to the lateral force acting on rotating round bodies in a flow! Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among...
    Filling of a higher located pool

    Exercises with solutions based on the Bernoulli equation

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In this article exercises with solutions based on the Bernoulli equation are given. Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation is based on the conservation of energy of flowing fluids. The derivation of this equation...
    Venturi tube (Venturi nozzle)

    Venturi effect

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Venturi effect describes the decrease of (static) pressure in flowing fluids with increasing flow velocity due to a constricted section. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers...
    Prandtl tube (dynamic pressure probe)

    How does a Prandtl tube work?

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
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    A Prandtl tube is used to measure the dynamic pressure. From this, the flow speed relative to the tube can be determined. Erfahren Sie in diesem Artikel mehr darüber. Learn more...
    Blowing off a roof on the lee side by a storm

    Examples and applications of the Venturi effect

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Learn more about examples and technical applications of the Venturi effect in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: How is lift generated on airfoils?Why do doors usually...
    Widerstandsbeiwerte verschiedener Körper

    Drag coefficient (friction and pressure drag)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Drag coefficients are dimensionless similarity parameters for describing the drag of flowed around bodies. Learn more about them in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What types...
    Completely laminar flow around a sphere

    Flow around spherical bodies (Stokes’ law of friction)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Stokes' law of friction describes the drag force acting on a spherical body around which a laminar flow passes. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the...
    Turbulators (vertex generators) on the wing of an airplane to generate a turbulent flow around it

    Flow separation (boundary layer separation)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In the case of a boundary layer separation (flow separation), the flow can no longer follow the profile of the body around which it flows and separates turbulently from it. Learn...
    Hydrodynamische Grenzschicht, thermische Grenzschicht und Konzentrationsgrenzschicht

    Dimensionless numbers of the boundary layers (Prandtl, Schmidt and Lewis number)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    To describe the heat and mass transport, dimensionless numbers are introduced to describe the processes within the boundary layers. Learn more about this in this article. This article provides answers to the...
    Definition of the thermal boundary layer (temperature boundary layer)

    Thermal and concentration boundary layer

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In addition to the hydrodynamic boundary layer, the thermal boundary layer and the concentration boundary layer also have a decisive influence on the entire heat and mass transport in a flow....
    Acceleration of the air when flowing around a wing and the resulting decrease in pressure

    Parasitic drag (skin friction drag & form/pressure drag)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Drag is the force of resistance that a moving body experiences in a fluid due to frictional and pressure forces. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to...
    Convective heat transfer between a heated pipe and a fluid flowing through it

    Prandtl number

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Prandtl number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe the transport of heat and momentum. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among...
    Lewis number as a measure for the ratio of the thickness of the thermal boundary layer and the concentration boundary layer

    Lewis number

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Lewis number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe heat and mass transport. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others What does...
    Schmidt number as a measure for the ratio of the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary layer and the concentration boundary layer

    Schmidt number

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Schmidt-number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe transport of mass and momentum. Learn more about this topic in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others What...
    Convective heat transfer at a flat plate with laminar-turbulent flow

    Calculation of the Nusselt numbers for forced flows over plates and in pipes

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In this article you will find formulas for calculating the local and average Nusselt numbers for forced flows over plates and in pipes with circular cross sections. This article provides answers to...
    Definition of the heat transfer coefficient for convective heat transport

    Heat transfer coefficient for thermal convection

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The heat transfer coefficient describes the convective heat transfer from a solid to a flowing fluid and vice versa! Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the...
    Velocity gradients in a laminar and turbulent boundary layer

    Hydrodynamic boundary layer

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The hydrodynamic boundary layer of a flow has a decisive influence on heat and mass transport. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among...
    Influence of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer on convective heat transfer

    Nusselt number to describe convective heat transfer

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Nusselt number is a dimensionless similarity parameter to describe convective heat transfer, independent of the size of the system. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to...
    Pathline (trajectory) of a paper ship in a steady stream

    Streamlines, pathlines, streaklines and timelines

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In order to make the flow of fluids "visible", one often uses the model of streamlines, pathlines (trajectories), streaklines or timelines. Learn more about the difference between these lines in this...
    Fluid element on a curved streamline

    Equation of motion of a fluid on a streamline

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    In this article we want to derive the equation of motion of a fluid element on a streamline. For this purpose we describe the equation of motion in the direction of...
    Derivation of the Bernoulli equation using a flow in a pipe

    Derivation of the Bernoulli equation

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between static, dynamic and hydrostatic pressure for inviscid and incompressible fluids. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions,...
    Pressure difference as drive for flows

    Derivation of Hagen-Poiseuille equation for pipe flows with friction

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Hagen-Poiseuille equation describes the parabolic velocity profile of frictional, laminar pipe flows of incompressible, Newtonian fluids. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions,...
    Setup of a rotational viscometer

    Experimental determination of viscosity (viscometer)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Viscometry is the experimental determination of the viscosity of liquids and gases with so-called viscometers. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What...
    Division of the pressure drop to different causes

    Energetic analysis of the Hagen-Poiseuille law

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Hagen-Poiseuille equation for describing the parabolic velocity profile of fluids in pipes applies only to long pipes for energy reasons! Learn more about it in this article. This article provides answers...
    Aircraft model in a wind tunnel to study the flow around the aircraft

    Reynolds number (laminar and turbulent flow)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The Reynolds number is a dimensionless similarity parameter for describing a forced flow, e.g. whether it is an alminar or turbulent flow. Learn more about it in this article. This article provides...
    Toothpaste as a typical example of a non-Newtonian fluid (Bingham Fluid)

    Viscosity of liquids and gases

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the internal resistance to flow! It is caused by intermolecular forces and transport of momentum within the fluid. Learn more about it...
    Dry adiabatic and wet adiabatic lapse rate (temperature gradient)

    Derivation of the barometric formula (adiabatic atmosphere)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The barometric formula for an adiabatic atmosphere takes into account the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude and the associated effects on air pressure. More information about this and the derivation...
    Calculation of the outflow speed of a liquid through an orifice (Torricelli's law theorem)

    Discharge of liquids (Torricelli’s law)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Torricelli's law (Torricelli's theorem) states that the discharge velocity of a liquid equals a free fall of the liquid from the liquid surface to the opening of the tank. This article provides...
    Hot air balloon

    How does a hot air balloon work: Buoyancy in gases

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Buoyant forces act not only in liquids but also in gases. This will be illustrated in the following by the example of a hot air balloon. This article provides answers to the...
    Hydraulic bottle jack

    How does a hydraulic jack work: Pascals law

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    A hydraulic jack is based on Pascal's law, which states that the pressure in liquids acts equally in all directions. This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What does Pascal's...
    Demonstration of the siphon-spillway-principle

    Siphon

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: How does a siphon work?What is the maximum height to the apex of the flexible tube that can be covered?Why does a...
    Influence of vessel shape on hydrostatic pressure

    Pressure in liquids (hydrostatic pressure)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What causes the hydrostatic pressure in liquids?On which variables does the hydrostatic pressure depend?What is the hydrostatic paradox?What are communicating vessels? Introduction In the...
    Container ship

    How do boats float: Buoyancy in liquids

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    Buoyancy is the force directed against gravity that an object experiences when submerged in a fluid (liquid or gas). More information on how buoyancy is formed can be found in this...
    Water tower

    Applications and examples of hydrostatic pressure

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: Which properties of the hydrostatic pressure could Pascal demonstrate with his barrel experiment?How does the pressure change with increasing water depth?What are...
    Drinking straw in a glass with water

    How does a drinking straw work?

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: How does drinking with a straw work from a physical point of view?What role does ambient pressure play?Why is there a maximum...
    Stratification of the earth's atmosphere

    Derivation of the barometric formula (isothermal atmosphere)

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    The barometric formula describes the decrease of air pressure with increasing altitude. Without the influence of the temperature changes, the air pressure decreases by about 1.2% per 100 meters of altitude....
    Pressure on a flat surface

    Pressure in gases

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What causes the pressure in gases?How is the unit bar converted into the unit Pascal?What is meant by positive pressure, negative pressure...
    Pressing a drawing pin together between two fingers

    Pressure

    Gases and liquids tec-science - 0
    This article provides answers to the following questions, among others: What is pressure?In what way does the contact pressure differ from a gas pressure or liquid pressure with regard to the exerted...
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